STACK 
AHHE  X 


061 
326 


Educational 


^Wanual  Training 


WcD.  C.  &.  Hamm«l 


Cardboard  Constraetion 


Ho.  2. 


B.  p.  Jobfisot) 

Poblishing  Company 

^iohmofid 


CARDBOARD  CONSTRUCTION-'  mrt 

24  •hcett  Whtt*  Brbtol  Botrd  incdium  UikkiMM  (11"  xJ4'0.. ••••••.•.••20%. 

I  can  Liquid  Glue  or  t«bc  of  Photo  Paitc  10c.  (enoujh  for  5  puplb)..-. '2c' 

Coft  pet  Piip9.,.r....T..v..<>.<.-r.7;.....22c' 

Sciuon '.i^.^.T.r.T» i....i........«i»W...r......i2b' 

TAfti  «■;  Brwi'tlpped  Ruler 5c; 

lUULJ^^  Pair  of  DIvlden .JOe. 

ToUI „» 27c 

The  Sclston,  tuier  and  Divldcrt  are  ihe  Mine  ai  uicd  In  Papff  Folding  Counc. 
Inttud  of  White  Briitol  Board,  Colored  "Cover'papcn"  (PrinccM.  Herculean.  "Royal 
Melton,"  etc)  In  the  120  lb.  wel  jht  may  be  used,     c 
TW*  matcriai  can  b«  obtained  through  the  pubiUhcrt, 


Educational  Manual  Training 


CARDBOARD  CONSTRUCTION 


BY 


WM.  C.  A.  HAMMEL 

Director  of  Manual  Training  and  Physics  in  the  North  Carolina  State  Normal  and  Industrial  College 

Formerly  Director  of  Manual  Training  and  Physics  in  the  Maryland  State  Normal  School 

Director  of  Manual  Training  in  the  Bryn  Mawr  School 

Inspector  of  Manual  Training  Schools  in  the  State  of  Maryland 


RICHMOND 
B.  F.  Johnson  publishing  Company 


1903 


COPYEIGHT    1903 

By  WM.  C.  A.  HAMMEL 
All  rights  reserved 


03-9-2e— H 


INTRODUCTION 

The  course  in  the  construction  of  models  from  cardboard  is  designed  to  follow  the  Paper  Folding  course  outlined  in  Book  No.  1 
of  the  series  on  Educational  Manual  Training.  In  Paper  Folding  the  pupil  had  practical  exercises  in  measuring  and  drawing,  in 
accurately  cutting,  folding,  and  joining.  He  should  have  acqiiired  from  those  exercises  some  degree  of  neatness  in  the  appearance 
of  his  work,  as  well  as  greater  self-confidence  and  skill  in  the  manner  of  doing  it. 

Cardboard  Construction  is  one  of  the  least  expensive  forms  of  Manual  Training.  It  can  be  done  at  the  ordinary  school  desk; 
the  materials  are  of  the  simplest  kind ;  the  tools  are  very  few,  and  can  easily  be  kept  in  order.  The  finished  work  is  not  only  attrac- 
tive in  itself,  but  is  useful  in  many  ways  in  the  schoolroom.  It  affords  subjects  for  lessons  in  objec-t-drawing,  illustrations  of  geometric 
forms  for  the  arithmetic  and  geometry  classes,  etc. 

After  finishing  the  course  in  Cardboard  Construction,  the  pupil  will  be  able  to  take  up  intelligently  the  course  in  Elementary 
Knife  Work,  which  is  the  next  step  in  the  preparation  for  Wood  Sloyd. 

Suggestions. — In  the  cardboard  course,  type  solids  are  made  of  a  material  more  difficult  to  work  in  than  paper,  and,  when  the  model 
is  cut  and  pasted  so  as  to  form  the  required  solid,  any  inaccuracy  in  the  measurements  or  drawings  is  plainly  noticeable ;  thus  the  necessity 
for  great  carefulness  at  every  step  is  clearly  shown.  The  teacher  should  therefore  insist  from  the  beginning  upon  perfect  accuracy  in 
every  detail  of  the  work ;  otherwise  the  chief  educative  value  of  this  course  of  Manual  Training  will  be  lost. 

As  in  Paper  Folding,  pupils  who  work  rapidly  and  well  should  be  allowed  to  continue  as  fast  as  they  are  able  to  do  good  work. 
For  these  a  series  of  Supplementary  Models  has  been  arranged.  These  models  are  based  on  types  the  pupils  have  already  made,  and 
are  presented  without  directions  in  order  to  give  them  practice  in  reading  and  interpreting  working  drawings.  They  should  be  en- 
couraged to  make  original  working  drawings  and  to  construct  models  from  the  same.  The  teacher  should  occasionally  make  a  model 
not  included  in  this  book,  and  from  it  require  the  pupils  to  make  the  working  drawing  and  a  duplicate  of  the  model. 

Straw  board,  or  manila  board,  is  useful  for  covering  the  desks  upon  whicli  the  work  is  done.  Any  sort  of  heavv"  paper,  however, 
will  be  sufficient  protection  for  the  surface  of  the  desk. 

Each  pupil  should  make  a  largo  envelope  or  pocket  in  which  to  keep  his  unfinished  work.  These  envelopes  or  pockets  should 
be  collected  and  put  away  at  the  end  of  each  lesson  and  returned  to  the  pupil  at  the  beginning  of  the  next.  In  this  way  scraps 
and  cuttings  can  be  kept  together  and  used  up  whenever  the  opportunity  occurs. 

Where  but  little  time  can  be  devoted  to  Manual  Training,  as  in  imgraded  schools,  the  schedule  should  be  so  arranged  as  to  have 
the  Manual  Training  lesson  come  between  those  lessons  which  require  most  mental  effort  on  the  part  of  the  pupil. 

[  3  ] 

2065845 


Directions. — Too  much  stress  cannot  be  laid  upon  the  importance  of  the  first  few  lessons.  In  these  the  foundation  is  laid  for 
a  certain  method  and  procedure  in  future  work.  At  first  the  teaching  sJiould  be,  as  a  rule,  from  the  blackboard;  minute  directions 
should  be  given  and  each  step  carefully  dictated.  Later  the  pupil  maj^  be  trusted  to  rely  on  the  printed  directions,  and  thus  work 
more  indeiDcndently. 

Pupils  should  sit  in  a  comfortable  but  not  stooped  position,  with  the  light  coming  from  the  left. 

Take  steps  in  order  as  numbered;  read  directions  carefully  and  imderstand  the  directions  for  each  step  before  attempting  to 
follow  them. 

The  drawing  of  the  plan  on  the  cardboard  should  be  exact  and  should  be  taken  from  actual  measurement  of  the  model,  from  a 
scale  drawing,  or  from  a  blackboard  drawing. 

The  scissors  should  be  held  with  the  tlumib  and  the  second  finger.  Begin  to  cut  near  the  pivot,  and  do  not  cut  the  whole  length 
of  the  blade. 

On  lines  where  the  cardboard  is  to  be  folded,  it  is  necessary  to  "score,"  or  lightly  cut  through,  the  surface  of  the  card- 
board in  order  to  make  a  clean  fold.  Use  the  sharp  point  of  the  scissors  or  of  a  penknife  for  scoring,  and  fold  the  cardboard  so 
that  the  scored  line  icill  he  opened. 

Laps  are  left  on  edges  to  be  joined  and  must  be  pasted  to  the  inside  of  the  model. 

Spread  the  glue  or  paste  upon  the  lap  of  the  model  with  a  toothpick  or  a  small  strip  of  cardboard.  Wlien  the  model 
has  a  number  of  surfaces  to  be  pasted  together,  instead  of  applying  the  paste  to  all  the  laps  at  once,  it  is  well  to  apply  it 
to  one  or  two  surfaces  only  at  a  time.  Hold  these  pasted  portions  together  for  a  moment  until  they  adhere;  then  paste  the  other 
surfaces  in  the  same  way  until  the  model  is  completed. 

In  some  of  the  Supplementary  Models  the  edges  are  fastened  together  by  means  of  narrow  strips  of  gummed  paper  or  of  book 
Ijinder's  cloth,  either  of  which  may  be  obtained  in  assorted  colors  in  packages  of  100  strips  each,  %"  and  %"  wide.  Better  still, 
narrow  strips  of  paper  may  be  gummed  by  the  pupil  as  needed,  or  narrow  strips  of  cardboard  of  which  the  model  is  made  may  be  scored 
and  gummed. 

W.  C.  A.  H. 


[  4  ] 


Working  Diagrams 


Let  us  suppose  that  we  •wish  to  represent  a  plan  of  the 
top  of  a  table  3  feet  wide  and  5  feet  long.  We  could  get  a 
sheet  of  paper  large  enough  to  draw  the  plan  full-size,  that 
is,  3  feet  by  5  feet,  but  it  would  be  much  easier  and  more 
practical  to  let  one  inch  in  the  drawing  represent  one  foot 
of  the  real  object,  as  rectangle  ABCD.  Or,  let  one-half 
inch  in  the  drawing  represent  one  foot  of  the  real  object, 
as  rectangle  EFGH ;  or  let  one-fourth  inch  in  tlie  drawing 


represent  one  foot  of  the  real  object,  as  in  rectangle  I.TKL. 
A  working  drawing,  or  a  diagram  drawing,  to  a  scale  is 
nothing  more  than  a '"make-believe"  full-size  drawing. 
We  notice  in  the  above  diagram  that,  although  each  rect- 
angle is  drawn  to  a  diffei-ent  scale,  tlie  shape  of  the  outline 
of  each  is  the  same.  When  a  drawing  is  not  full-size,  the 
scale  must  he  written  under  it.    In  the  following  working 


diagrams  the  scale  is  1  inch  ■■ 


2  inches,  or  half-size. 


[  5   ] 


MODEL  No.  1 


CUBE 


Directions  for  Constructing  Model  No.  x 

1.  Draw  the  longer  (longitudinal)  diameter  EF. 

2.  One  and  one-half  (IV')  inches  below  the  line  EF  draw 

IJ  equal  and  parallel  to  it. 
3i  One  and  one-half  inches  above  the  line  EF  draw  GH 

equal  and  pai-allel  to  it. 
4.  One  inch  to  the  left  of  line  GI,  equal  and  parallel  to  it, 

draw  EX. 


5.  On  line  Gil,  three  inches  to  the  left  of  point  K,  mark 

point  M. 

6.  On  line  GH,  three  inches  to  the  left  of  point  M,  mark 

point  P. 

7.  On  line  GH,  three  inches  to  the  left  of  point  P,  mark 

point  R. 

8.  On  line  GH,  three  inches  to  the  left  of  point  R,  mark 

point  T. 

9.  On  line  IJ,  three  inches  to  the  left  of  point  L,  mark 

point  0. 

10.  On  line  IJ,  three  inches  to  the  left  of  point  0,  mark 

point  Q. 

11.  On  line  IJ,  three  inches  to  the  left  of  point  Q,  mark 

point  S. 

12.  On  line  IJ,  three  inches  to  the  left  of  point  S,  mark 

point  U. 

13.  Connect  by  straight  lines  points  M  and  O,  P  and  Q,  E 

and  S,  and  T  and  U. 

14.  Extend  line  MO  three  inches  in  each  direction  to  points 

X  and  V. 

15.  Extend  line  PQ  three  inches  in  each  direction  to  points 

Y  and  W. 

16.  Connect  by  straight  lines  X  and  Y,  and  V  and  W. 

17.  Number  squares  as  in  working  diagram. 

18.  Draw  ^-inch  margins,  or  laps,  on  sides  LO,  XY,  QS, 

PR,  YW,  KM  and  KL. 

19.  Cut  on  lieaw  lines  (see  working  diagram). 

20.  Score  and  fold  on  dotted  lines  (see  working  diagram). 

21.  Paste  to  form  a  cube. 


[  0  ] 


c 

A 

H         T 

y 
?-.  - 

5 

^y 

sj 

/ 

V 

V         G 

F 

K 

J 

A 
U 

S! 

3 



w 

2 

.>?; 

1             ! 

^        1 

^ 

V 

S 

/l 

< 

D 

B 

[  7  ] 


MODEL   No.  2 

7. 

On  line  IK,  two  inches  to  the  left  of  point  P,  mark 

SQUARE   PRISM 

15oint  R. 

8. 

On  line  IK,  two  inches  to  the  left  of  point  R,  mark 
point  T. 

9. 

On  line  GH,  two  inches  to  the  left  of  point  L,  mark 
point  0. 

^KKS^                             '^^^^^^^^ 

■i'- 

10. 

On  line  GH,  two  inches  to  the  left  of  point  0,  mark 

w 

11. 

point  Q. 
On  line  GH,  two  inches  to  the  left  of  point  Q,  mark 
point  S. 

^IBhhk" 

j/f 

12. 

On  line  GH,  two  inches  to  the  left  of  point  S,  mark 

point  U. 

■I^^^^^^^^^B. 

13. 

Connect  by  straight  lines  points  M  and  0,  P  and  Q,  R 

and  S,  and  T  and  U. 

Directions  for  Constructing  Model  No.  2 

14. 

Extend  line  MO  two  inches  in  each  direction  to  i^oints 

1.  Draw  the  longer  (longitudinal)  diameter  EF. 

V  and  W. 

2.  Three  inches  below  the  line  EF  draw  line  GH  equal 

15. 

Extend  line  PQ  two  inches  in  each  direction  to  points 

and  parallel  to  it. 

X  and  Z. 

3.  Three  inches  above  the  line  EF  draw  line  IK  equal 
and  parallel  to  it. 

16. 

Connect  by  straight  lines  points  V  and  X,  and  W  and  Z. 

4.  Two  inches  from  IG,  equal  and  parallel  to  it,  draw  JL. 

17. 

Draw  I"  margins,  or  laps,  on  sides  LO,  WZ,  QS,  PR, 

5.  On  line  IK,  two  inches  to  the  left  of  point  J,  mark 

VX,  JM  and  JL. 

point  M. 

18. 

Cut  on  heayy  lines ;  score  and  fold  on  dotted  lines  (see 

6.  On  line  IK,  two  inches  to  the  left  of  i>oint  M,  mark 

working  diagram). 

point  P. 

19. 

Paste  to  fonn  a  square  prism. 

I  8] 


X 


\ 


K 


T 


N. 


H 


TI 


ir 


Q  !o  l;>  g 


D 


Z 


w 
17" 


[  9  ] 


MODEL  No.  3 

TRIANGULAR  PRISM 

* 

Wf                               1  ^H 

• 

Directions  for  Constructing  Model  No.  3 

1.  Draw  longer  (longitudinal)  diameter  EF.                              9.  On  line  GH,  two  inches  to  the  left  of  point  P,  mark 
±  Three  inches  below  tlie  line  EF  draw  line  GH  equal                 point  S. 

and  parallel  to  it.                                                                10.  On  line  GH,  two  inches  to  the  left  of  point  S,  mark 

3.  Three  inches  above  the  line  EF  draw  line  IK  equal                 point  V. 

and  ])arallel  to  it.                                                                11-  Connect  by  straight  lines  points  0  and  P,  R  and  S,  and 

4.  Two  inches  to  the  left  of  line  IG,  equal  and  parallel  to                 T  and  V. 

it  draw  line  JL.                                                                  12.  On  line  PS  constnict  equilateral  triangle*  PMS. 

5.  On  line  IK,  two  inches  to  the  left  of  point  J,  mark     13.  On  line  ^R  construct  equilateral  triangle  OZR. 

point  0.                                                                                14.  Draw  Y  lap  on  line  JL. 

6.  On  line  IK,  two  inches  to  the  left  of  point  0,  mark     15.  Use  cui-\'ed  laps  on  sides  of  each  triangle. 

point  R.                                                                               16-  Cut  on  heavy  lines ;  score  and  fold  on  dotted  lines  (see 

7.  On  line  IK,  two  inches  to  the  left  of  point  R,  mark              .  working  diagram). 

point  T.                                                                               1-7-  Paste  to  form  a  triangular  prism. 

8.  On  line  GH,  two  inches  to 
point  P. 

tne  lelt  Ot   pomt  J.,  marK           .^^^  construction  of  equilateral 

Folding. 

triangle  see  Model  No.  9,  Book  I,  Paper 

[   10  ] 


K 


TS" 


H 


G 


D 


[  11  ] 


1 

* 

MODEL  No.  4 

TRIANGULAR    PYRAMID 

Directions  for  Constructing  Model   No.  4 

1      T>vn-nr  oVinvfov  rliorviofnT-  TTTT' 

2.  On  line  EF  mark  off  line  GH  four  and  one-lialf  inches 

long. 

3.  On  line  trH  constnict  equilateral  triangle  GKH. 

4.  Bisect  side  KH ;  mark  point  L. 

5.  Bisect  side  GH ;  mark  point  0. 

1 

'J^HH 

6.  Bisect  side  KG ;  mark  point  P. 

'^HF' 

'  m 

1.  Connect  by  straight  lines  points  P  and  L,  L  and  0,  and 

.  :'!^ 

*«B^^I^^I 

0  and  P. 

8.  With  P  as  center  and  PK  as  radius,  describe  arc  of 
circle  KL  (making  lap  on  KL). 

^^Mk 

9.  With  L  as  center  and  LH  as  radius,  describe  arc  of 

^^^fjF^ 

circle  HO  (making  lap  on  HO). 

^^BS^^^'  '^s^H^^Hj 

10.  With  0  as  center  and  OG  as  radius,  describe  arc  of 

^""^  M 

circle  GP  (making  lap  on  GP). 
11.  Cut  on  heavy  lines ;  score  and  fold  on  dotted  lines  (see 
working  diagram). 

12.  Paste  to  form  a  triangular  pyramid. 

[  12  ] 


c 

E 

G 

'\p 

A 

0 

*> 

^K 

I 

^y^ 

\ 

H 

* 

T) 

F 

B 

[   13  ] 


MODEL  No.  5 


SQUARE  PYRAMID 


Directions  for  Constructing  Model  No.  5 
Mark  upper  right  hand  corner  D,  lower  left  hand  coi'- 
ner  A,  lower  right  hand  corner  C,  upper  left  hand 


3.  Bisect  line  EF ;  mark  point  X. 

4.  With  X  as  center  and  a  radius  of  three  inches,  describe 

a  circle. 

5.  Where  circumference  of  circle  intersects  EF  mark 

IDoints  Q  and  H. 

G.  With  G  as  center  and  GX  as  radius,  mark  points  L  and 
S  on  circumference  of  circle. 

7.  With  H  as  center  and  HX  as  radius,  mark  points  K 

and  T  on  circumference  of  circle. 

8.  Connect  by  straight  lines  points  G  and  S,  S  and  T,  T 

and  H,  H  and  K,  K  and  L,  and  L  and  G,  making  the 
hexagon  GSTHKL. 

9.  Connect  by  straight  lines  points  K  and  S,  and  L  and  T. 

10.  Number  triangles  as  in  working  diagram. 

11.  With  L  as  center  and  LK  as  radius  draw  cui-ved  lap 

on  KX. 

12.  On  line  ST  construct  square  TSWV.     (Direction  of 

line  TV  is  found  by  placing  ruler  so  that  the  line,  if 
produced,  would  pass  through  points  T  and  K.) 


comer  B. 

2.  Five  inches  from  left  edge  AB  draw  line  EF  equal  and     1^.  Cut  on  heaiy  lines ;  score  and  fold  on  dotted  lines, 
parallel  to  it.  14.  Paste  to  foim  a  square  pyramid. 


[    14   ] 


[  15  ] 


MODEL  No.  6 


HEXAGONAL   PRISM 


Directions  for  Constructing  Model  No.  6 


1.  Draw  shorter  diameter  WX. 

2.  Three  inches  to  right  of  line  WX  draw  line  FV  parallel 

to  it. 

3.  Three  inches  to  left  of  line  WX  diaw  line  ET  parallel 

to  it. 

4.  One  inch  from  edge  BD  draw  line  EF  parallel  to  it. 

5.  On  line  ET,  six  inches  below  point  E,  mark  point  T. 

6.  On  line  FV,  six  inches  below  point  F,  mark  point  V. 

7.  Connect  by  straight  line  points  T  and  V. 

8.  Divide  figure  EFTV  into  six  rectangles,  each  1  inch  by 

6  inches. 

9.  On  right  of  line  HK  construct  a  hexagon. 

To  CONSTEXJCT  A  HeXAGON  ON  GiVEN  LiNE  HK  : 

o.  With  H  as  center  and  HK  as  radius,  describe  arc 

of  circle  (see  Fig.  I). 
li.  With  K  as  center  and  KH  as  radius,  describe  arc 

of  circle. 


10. 
11. 

12. 
1.3. 


c.  AVhere  arcs  intersect  mark  point  Q. 

d.  With  Q  as  center  and  QH  as  radius,  describe  a 

circle. 

e.  With  H  as  center  and  HK  as  radius,  mark  point  1 

on  the  circumference  of  circle. 
/.  With  K  as  center  and  KH  as  radius,  mark  point  4 

on  the  circumference  of  circle. 
g.  With  1  as  center  and  1-H  as  radius,  mark  point  2 

on  the  circumference  of  circle. 
h.  With  4  as  center  and  4-K  as  radius,  mark  point  3 
on  the  circumference  of  circle. 
On  left  of  line  GI  construct  a  hexagon  (see  Fig.  II). 
Make  laps  j"  wide  on  sides  EF,  FH,  KM,  MP,  PS,  SV, 

ET,  OK,  OL,  LI  and  GE. 
Cut  on  hea\'7  lines ;  score  and  fold  on  dotted  lines. 
Paste  to  make  a  hexagonal  prism. 


[  i^  ] 


HEXAGONAL  PRISM— Working  Diagrams 


MODEL  No.  6 


Fig.  II. 


Fig.  I 


H 


[  17  ] 


MODEL  No.  7 


HEXAGONAL  PYRAMID 


Directions  for  Constructing  Model  No.  7 

1.  Draw  longer  diameter  EF. 

2.  On  line  EF,  five  and  one-lialf  inches  from  point  E, 

mark  point  X. 

3.  With  X  as  center,  draw  a  circle  having  a  radius  of 

three  inches. 

4.  AVhere  EF  intersects  circumference  of  circle  mark 

points  0  and  W. 

5.  With  0  as  center  and  a  radius  of  f  inch,  mark  on  cir- 

cumference of  circle  points  G  and  H. 

6.  On  circumference  of  circle  above  point  G  mark  otf 

points  I,  K,  L,  M  and  N,  each  point  1:^"  apart. 

7.  Connect  by  straight  lines  points  H  and  G,  G  and  I,  I 

and  K,  K  and  L,  L  and  M,  and  M  and  N. 

8.  Connect  bv  straight  lines  with  the  center  X  points  N, 

M,  L,  K,  I,  G  and  H. 

9.  On  right  of  line  GH  construct  hexagon  GPRTVH. 

(See  Model  No.  6.) 

10.  Place  laps  -]-"  wide  on  sides  NX,  N:\I,  ML,  LK,  KI 

and  IG. 

11.  Cut  on  heavy  lines ;  score  and  fold  on  dotted  lines. 

1 2.  Paste  to  make  a  hexagonal  pyramid. 


[   18  ] 


MODEL  No.  7 

HEXAGONAL  PYRAMID— Working  Diagram 

B 

D 

W 

/   \ 

R 

E 

/ 

F 

V  ^^ 

[J 

y 

Vt 

A 

— 

C 

[    19  ] 


MODEL  No.  8 


RHOMBIC  PRISM 


Directions  for  Constructing  Model  No.  8 

1.  Draw  longer  diameter  EF. 

2.  One  and  one-half  inches  above  and  below  diameter 

draw  lines  IJ  and  GH  equal  and  parallel  to  it. 

3.  One  inch  to  right  of  edge  IG  draw  line  LK  parallel  to  it. 

4.  On  line  IJ,  twelve  inches  from  point  L,  mark  point  U. 

5.  On  line  GH,  twelve  inches  from  point  K,  mark  point  T. 


9. 
10. 

11. 
12. 

13. 
U. 
15. 

16. 
17. 

18. 
19. 
20. 

21. 


Connect  by  straight  line  points  U  and  T. 

Divide  rectangle  LUTK  into  four  squares,  LOMK, 

OxMPQ,  QPES  and  RSUT  (see  worldng  diagram). 
Trisect  sides  OQ  and  QS ;  mark  points  1,  2,  and  3,  4 

(see  worldng  diagram). 
Trisect  sides  MP  and  PR ;  mark  points  5,  6,  and  7,  8. 
Draw  straight  line  through  points  G  and  O  and  extend 

line  indefinitely. 
On  this  line,  three  inches  from  point  0,  mark  point  X. 
l^raw  straight  line  through  points  8  and  Q,  and  extend 

line  indefinitely. 
On  tills  line,  three  inches  from  point  Q,  mark  point  Y. 
Connect  X  and  Y  by  straight  line. 
Draw  straight  line  through  points  2  and  M,  and  extend 

line  indefinitely. 
On  this  line,  three  inches  from  point  M,  mark  point  V. 
Draw  straight  line  through  points  4  and  P,  and  extend 

line  indefinitely. 
On  this  line,  three  inches  from  point  P,  mark  point  W. 
Connect  by  straight  line  points  V  and  W. 
Place  ]"  laps  on  sides  KL,  LO,  XY,  QS,  PR,  VW  and 

MK. 
Cut  on  heavy  lines ;  score  and  fold  on  dotted  lines. 
Paste  to  make  a  rhombic  prism. 





[  20  ] 


[  21  ] 


MODEL 

No.  9 

OCTAHEDRON 

4.  Mark  points  0  and  H  where  line  EF  intersects  circum- 

ference of  circle. 

5.  With  11  as  center  and  HX  as  radius,  mark  points  K  and 

L  on  circumference  of  circle. 

6.  With  0  as  center  and  OX  as  radius,  mark  points  N  and 

P  on  circumference  of  circle. 

7.  Connect  by  straight  lines  0  and  P,  P  and  K,  H  and  K, 

H  and  L,  L  and  N,  and  N  and  (). 

8.  With  P  as  center  and  PK  as  radius,  describe  arc  of 

circle  to  the  right  of  line  PK. 

9.  With  K  as  center  and  KP  as  radius,  describe  arc  of 

circle  to  the  right  of  line  PK. 

10.  Where  arcs  intersect  mark  jjoint  Y. 

11.  With  Y  as  center  and  a  radius  of  3  inches,  describe 

circle. 

12.  Starting  at  point  K,  mark  off  on  circumference  of  circle 

four  points,  U,  T,  S  and  B,  each  three  inches  apart. 

13.  Connect  bv  straight  lines  points  P  and  E,  E  and  S,  S 

and  T,  T  and  U,  and  U  and  K. 

14.  Connect  by  straight  lines  points  L  and  P,  and  K  and  N. 

^^ 

hj 

15.  Connect  by  straight  lines  jjoints  E  and  U,  S  and  K,  and 
Directions  for  Constructing  Model  No.  9                                  P  and  T. 

,    ^        .in                  P  ,1      T      i        1          p  i.1           J      16.  With  T  as  center  and  TY  as  radius,  draw  curved  lap 

1.  Four  inches  from  one  of  the  shorter  edges  ot  the  card-                 ^^  YS 

board  draw  vertical  line  EF.                                           17_  ^yith  L  as  center  and  LX  as  radius,  draw  curved  lap 

2.  Bisect  line  EF  and  mark  point  of  bisection  X.                                on  I^X. 

3.  With  X  as  center  and  a  radius  of  3  inches  describe  a     18.  Cut  on  heavy  lines ;  score  and  fold  on  dotted  lines. 

circle.                                                                                   19.  Paste  to  form  an  octahedron. 

[  22  ] 


MODEL  No.  9 

OCTAHEDRON— Working  Diagram 

B 

E 

0                                                      R 

D 

z:::^ 

"""^^..x:^ 

^^ 

^/n--— *^ 

^^^>sL 

^.^— ^ 

^ 

\ 

"  ^      ^^^. 

^^  1  X^^v. 

^^^    ,  ^ 

\ 

'^  ^      ^^^ 

^^    1    .    \     ^^^ 

^r         ^  ' 

x 

1 

1 

V            ^^ 

^^^                   1                \                    ^^^^ 

^r       ^^ 

,   \ 

1 

^    ^L 

^^^                                                                                     ^^^. 

f    ^ 

1        "3 

i^V          4                    1                 4               ^N 

(\                       1 

"^                                 i                                .^' 

■* 

^                              '                              / 

"K 

'      , 

1 

1 

^ 

X                                        \              t               /                                   •^ 

^  >, 

,   1 

% 

■- 

"*    V               \       >        / 

*S 

/ 

\ 

,'' 

'\                                                   \I^   ^ 

2 

!/ 

V''           3 

■\ 

/t 

^^         "s 

'  ^  ./^K^V   ^  - 

'  '  ^ 

^^ 

^'     .^^          ^^       ^  ^ 

^^ 

^^^               >^ 

^r                            ^^.               "^ 

^^ 

^^^                            V 

-^                             J^                                                                      ^^^^                              V 

^^^ 

H                                                               U 

• 

A 

F 

c 

[  23  ] 


MODEL  No.  10 


RHOMBOHEDRON 


Directions  for  Constructing  Model  No.  10 


1.  Draw  longer  diameter  ST. 

2.  On  line  ST,  2"  to  right  of  point  S,  mark  point  A. 

3.  On  line  ST,  10"  to  right  of  point  A,  mark  point  B. 

4.  On  line  ST,  2^"  to  the  right  of  point  A,  mark  point  X. 

5.  On  line  ST,  2i"  to  the  left  of  point  B,  mark  point  Y. 

6.  With  X  as  center  and  XA  as  radius,  describe  a  circle. 

7.  With  Y  as  center  and  YB  as  radius,  describe  a  circle. 

8.  Construct  hexagon  in  each  circle,  and  letfer  as  in  work- 

ing diagram  (AGLJED  and  BKHJFC  being  the 
hexagons  inscribed  in  the  circles). 


9.  On  side  HK  constract  equilateral  triangle  HNK. 

10.  Produce  line  DE  to  point  F. 

11.  Connect  by  straight  lines  points  G  and  E,  L  and  D,  K 

and  F  and  H  and  C. 

12.  With  C  as  center  and  CB  as  radius,  place  cui^ved  lap 

on  side  YB. 

13.  With  L  as  center  and  LX  as  radius,  place  curved  lap 

on  side  GX. 

14.  Cut  on  heavy  lines ;  score  and  fold  on  dotted  lines 

15.  Paste  to  form  a  rhombohedron. 


[  24  ] 


o 

Z 

_l 
UJ 
Q 
O 

2 


u 

01 


bJO 

C 


2 

O 

ca 

Q 
W 

O 

CQ 
S 

o 


S    — 


[  25  ] 


MODEL   No.  11 


PENTAGONAL    PYRAMID 


Directions  for  Constructing  Model   No.  ii 

1.  Draw  in  middle  of  cardboard  a  vertical  line  BC,  3|" 

long  (see  Fig.  II). 

2.  Construct  a  regular  pentagon  within  a  circle  of  which 

BC  is  the  diameter. 

To  Construct  a  Eegulae  Pentagon  Within  a 
Circle,  the  Diameter  Being  Given  : 

a.  Bisect  line  BC  at  point  A,  and  with  A  as  center 

and  BA  as  radius,  describe  a  circle. 

b.  With  B  as  center  and  BC  as  radius,  describe  arc  Y. 


c.  With  C  as  center  and  CB  as  radius,  describe  arc  X. 

d.  Mark  jjoint  E  where  arcs  intersect. 

e.  Divide  line  BC  into  five  equal  parts;  number 

points  of  division  1,  2,  .3,  4. 
/.  Draw  straight  line  through  points  E  and  2,  and 

l^roduce  it  to  circumference  of  circle  at  F. 
g.  Connect  by  straight  line  F  and  B.    (FB  is  one  side 

of  the  pentagon.) 
h.  Inscribe  regular  pentagon  BFHIK   (see  Fig.  I 
and  Fig.  II). 
Construct  on  each  side  of  pentagon  an  isosceles  triangle 
having  an  altitude  of  3". 

To  Construct  an  Isosceles  Triangle  Having  an 
Altitude  of  3" : 


Bisect  line  BK  at  0  (see  Fig.  III). 

With  B  as  center  and  BK  as  radius,  describe  arc 

of  circle. 
With  K  as  center  and  KB  as  radius,  describe  arc 

of  circle. 
Mark  point  where  arcs  intersect  N. 
Draw  straight  line  OS  three  inches  long,  passing 

from  point  0  through  jwint  N. 
Connect  by  straight  lines  points  B  and  S,  and  K 
and  S.    BSK  is  an  isosceles  triangle  with  alti- 
tude of  3"  (see  Fig.  II). 
Place  i"  laps  on  sides  BS,  KT,  III,  HV  and  FW  (see 

Fig.  II). 
Cut  on  heavy  lines ;  score  and  fold  on  dotted  lines. 
Paste  to  make  a  pentagonal  pyramid. 


a. 
b. 


d. 
e. 


[  26  ] 


Fig.  I 


Fig.  II 


Fig.  Ill 


[  27  ] 


MODEL  No.  12 


PENTAGONAL  PRISM 


Directions  for  Constructing  Model  No.  12 


1.  Draw  a  rectangle  ABCD  five  inches  by  six  inches. 

2.  Divide  rectangle  ABCD  into  five  rectangles  one  inch 

by  six  inches. 

3.  Bisect  the  sides  HK  and  EF  of  the  middle  rectangle 

EHKF  (see  worldng  diagram) .    • 

4.  Draw  a  straight  line  through  the  points  of  bisection, 

extending  this  line  beyond  the  points  of  bisection 
(see  Fig.  II). 

5.  On  the  line  EF  construct  a  regular  pentagon  in  the  fol- 

lowing manner : 

a.  With  E  as  center  and  a  radius  equal  to  EF,  con- 
struct circle  No.  1  (see  Fig.  I). 

/;.  With  F  as  center  and  a  radius  equal  to  EF,  con- 
stiTict  circle  No.  2. 

c.  Mark  point  X  where  the  circumferences  of  these 

two  circles  intersect  within  the  figure. 

d.  With  X  as  center  and  a  radius  equal  to  XF,  con- 

stnict  circle  No.  3. 


9. 


Mark  point  N  where  circle  No.  3  crosses  bisecting 

line. 
Mark  jooints  V  and  W  where  circle  No.  3  intersects 

circle  No.  1  and  circle  No.  2. 
Draw  a  straight  line  through  points  W  and  N  to 
the  circuraference  of  circle  No.  1 ;  mark  point  Z. 
Connect  by  straight  line  points  E  and  Z. 
Draw  a  straight  line  through  points  V  and  N  to  the 

circumference  of  circle  No.  2 ;  mark  point  U. 
Connect  by  straight  line  points  U  and  F. 
With  Z  as  center  and  ZE  as  radius,  mark  point  J 

on  the  line  bisecting  EF. 
Connect  by  straight  lines  points  J  and  Z,  and  J  and 
TJ.    JZEFU  is  a  regular  pentagon. 
Constnict  a  pentagon  on  side  HK  in  the  same  way. 
Place  I"  laps  on  AB,  BG,  GH,  KM,  MC,  LD,  FL,  EI 

and  AI. 
Cut  on  heavy  lines ;  score  and  fold  on  dotted  lines. 
Paste  to  make  a  pentagonal  prism. 


/. 

9- 

h. 

i. 


J- 
k. 

I. 


[  28  ] 


PENTAGONAL  PRISM— Working  Diagrams 


MODEL  No.  12 


Fig.    II 


Fig.  I 


[  29  ] 


MODEL  No.  13 


FRUSTUM    OF  SQUARE    PYRAMID 


Directions  for  Constructing  Model  No.  13 

9.  Connect  by  straiglit  lines  points  NF,  LE,  TH,  DB,  AC 
and  KG. 
3.  With  X  as  centei-  and  a  radius  of  3  inches,  describe  a     10.  Constiiict  square  on  line  CD.   (Position  of  line  DS  may 


1.  Draw  shoi*ter  diameter  ZY. 

2.  Bisect  ZY  at  point  X. 


circle. 

4.  Mark  points  K  and  H  where  diameter  intersects  cir- 

cumference of  circle. 

5.  AVith  X  as  center  and  a  radius  of  ij-inch,  draw  another 

circle. 


be  obtained  by  passing  straight  line  through  points 
L  and  D.) 

11.  Construct  square  on  line  AB  (see  working  diagi'am). 

12.  Construct  curved  lap  on  side  AC.    (This  may  be  drawn 
free-hand.) 


6.  ]\rark  points  G  and  T  where  circumference  intersects  13.  Construct  cuived  laps  on  three  sides  of  small  square 

diameter.  (see  working  diagram). 

7.  Construct  hexagon  KNLHDC  within  the  larger  circle.  14.  Cut  on  heayy  lines ;  score  and  fold  on  dotted  lines. 

8.  Construct  hexagon  GFETBA  within  the  smaller  circle.  15.  Paste  to  make  the  frustum  of  a  square  pyramid. 


[  30  J 


r  31  ] 


MODEL  No.  14 

ICOSAHEDRON 

Directions  for  Constructing  Model  No.  14 

1.  With  X  as  center  and  a  radius  of  2  inches,  describe  cir- 

cle JGOBAK. 

2.  Draw  the  right  and  left  diameter  KO,  extending  it  to- 

wards the  right  indefinitely. 
3.  Inscribe  regular  hexagon  JGOBAK  within  the  cirele. 

I^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^9|^^^^| 

4.  On  side  AB  construct  an  equilateral  tiiangle  ACB. 

^^^^^^^r                                                  ^^^^^^^1 

5.  Extend  side  JG  of  hexagon  to  the  right  indefinitely. 

6.  Extend  side  AB  of  hexagon  to  the  right  indefinitely. 

7.  Through  point  C  draw  straight  line  ten  inches  to  the 

^r                              '    IH 

i-ight  and  parallel  to  line  AB ;  mark  line  CY. 
8.  On  extended  line  JG  mark  off  three  points  H,  E  and  F, 
each  two  inches  apart. 

• 

^^^                                 ^^k 

9.  On  the  lower  line  CY  mark  off  five  points  U,  V,  W,  M 

and  Y,  each  two  inches  apart. 

10.  Connect  by  straight  lines  points  J  and  U,  G  and  V,  H 

and  W,"e  and  M  and  F  and  Y. 

11.  Connect  by  straight  lines  points  ]\I  and  X,  L  and  W, 

F  and  V,  E  and  U,  H  and  C,  and  G  and  A. 
12.  Place  cui-\'ed  laps  on  sides  GX,  HO,  EP  and  FQ. 

13.  Place  curved  laps  on  sides  AC,  BU,  RV,  SW  and  TM. 

. 

14.  Cut  on  heavy  lines ;  score  and  fold  on  dotted  lines. 

15.  Paste  model  to  fonn  an  icosahedron. 

[  32  ] 


ICOSAHEDRON— Working  Diagram 
\G                        H                         E                          F 

MODEL    No.  14 

"Kt 

/    1 

i       4 

\  1  / 

'■V- 

\/.\/.\ 

V 

\ 

1  *              a 

\     \               / 

,'        \ 

7        ^ 

8        /  /   \       10 

/'      \      ''      /'     ^\      ''     /   \ 
/      11       \        /       13     '\         /'       15      > 

1 

16   y 

\       / 

^/ 

A      18      /    y\      19      /    \  \      20      / 

\ 

c 

U 

V'                       W                       M 

Y 

[  33  J 


"""■iMIMWUB 


W 
Q 
O 

H 
2 

2 
P 

CO 


PAIR  OF  STEPS-Model  No.  J5 


CRYSTAL  FORM-Model  No.  J7 


5sr*'vi,^ 


\, 


GREEK  CROSS-Model  No.  J 6 


CARD  HOLDER— Model  No.  13 


[  34  J 


-  u- 


PAIR  OF    STEPS 


MODEL  No.  15 


ys      /N 


•f---H---^--4'-- 


-*-  ■  -I)" — > 


H 


I 


Note — Score  on  opposite  side  of  line  AB. 


i< 


-:) > 


[   35  ] 


MODEL  No.  16 


GREEK  CROSS— Working  Diagram 


ft— 1"— y 


M 


T 


w 


K- 3". i 


Y 


i" 

I 
I 


Note — Score  amderside  of  lines  between  squares  1  and  2,  4  and  5,  7  and  8,  10  and  11. 


L   30  J 


CRYSTAL    FORM— Working  Diagram 


MODEL  No.  17 


[  37   ] 


MODEL  No.  18 


CARD  HOLDER— Working  Diagram 


A 


y.-_ 


[   3S   J 


m>. 


«i!i 


BOX  WITH  PARTITIONS-Model  No.  19 


PICTURE  FRAIVIE -Model  No.  20 


OBLONG  TRAY-Model  No.  2J 


li 


BOX  WITH  COVER-Model  No.  22 


[   39   J 


MODEL  No.  19 


BOX  WITH  PARTITIONS— Working  Diagram)] 


H' 


li; 


'-ly-^ 


A 
1          '/ 

_  ^ 

le- 


^> 


[   40   ] 


PICTURE  FRAME— Working  Diagrams 


MODEL  No.  20 


<  - 


.-_r y 


Back 


5" 


.Y. 


.-1'-^ 


>  A  ■ 


H 


SUPPOET 


.y_-. 


'       H 


3i 


y.. 


;<--lf-.>i 


■<-- 


ii->; 


--2^  - 

Feuxt 


--> 


[  -11  ] 


MODEL  No.  21 

, ,          J 

OBLONG  TRAY— Working  Diagram 

< 7" 

% 
l", 

1 
1 

1 

1 

i 

1 
1 

A  _._  ^ 

'     '•J     1 
.V'--  _  ..* 

-i" """"V 

^-^i     H--- • 5 - —  •>!     :<-^->i 

•<^^--.; 


BOX  WITH  COVER— Working  Diagram 


:<- >\ 


1^ y. 


MODEL   No.  22 


A.....^ 


A 


5* 


1"! 


3*  "  J 


;<:- 


1^ 


la" 


>. 


-^ 


[   43    ] 


•*'■ 


OCTAGONAL  TRAY-Model  No.  25 


HEXAGONAL  TRAY-Model  No.  23 


HINGED  BOX-Model  No.  24 


BILL  HOLDER— Model  No.  26 


[   44   ] 


HEXAGONAL  TRAY— Working  Diagram 


MODEL  No.  23 


K^ 

\/ 

/ 

^ 

— - 

/ 

Hr 

0 

^ 

\ 

\ 
\ 

4i 

-s^ 

\ 

,  \ 

/    / 

7? 

[  45  ] 


MODEL  No   24 


HINGED  BOX— Working  Diagram 


J 

* — --  - ---> 

A 
1                                         1 

'    I"                   : 

1                   '                                  * 

t 
t 

]"■ 

.  JSI                          "^ 

4i; 

1 
1 

* 

V 

:<--  -,.--> 

//;.._-,_-., 

1 

1 

.    1" 
1 

<--  -g.,  ----> 

;<- -  -„ y 

i           '           : 

i4" 


[   40   ] 


OCTAGONAL  TRAY— Working  Diagram 


MODEL    No.  25 


^7X 

I 


...Y-, 


[  47   ] 


(O 
(M 

d 

z 
-J 

UJ 
Q 
O 


a 

u 

tuD 


bug 
C 


10 


1 

I 

W 

Q 

, 

J 

1 

O 

t 

K 

J 

1 

J 

' 

►-H 

m 

1 
1 

^_ 


:l 


:z: 


B 


X 


C 


•<^ 


X 


^^ 


X 


^ 


5ji- 


-It 


c 25 


14- 


[  48  ] 


« 


WWU    U  I  J    '+' 


r-i 


